Assignment about management & strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Task about administration and methodology - Essay Example TQM has been embraced by numerous associations worldwide and has been characterized in various manners that fit their organizations. A summed up definition is that of Evans and Dean, which states, ‘TQM is a thorough, association wide exertion to improve the nature of items and services’ (as qtd in Cooney and Sohal, 34, ch.3). The British Railways Board (1989) characterized TQM as ‘the process which looks to meet and fulfill client prerequisites all through the entire chain of inward and outer clients and suppliers’ (Pike and Barnes, 25). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) characterizes TQM as an administration approach for an association, focused on quality, in view of cooperation of every one of its individuals and focusing on long haul accomplishment through consumer loyalty, and advantages to all individuals from the association and to society (Gupta, 113). Development of TQM might be followed back to period before the World War II a nd with American impact on quality confirmation standards. Albeit first set forth by Edwards Deming, who was known as the ‘father of the quality movement,’ TQM standards didn't get a lot of consideration at that point. These standards are said to have increased extraordinary centrality after they were embraced in Japanese administration speculations, which changed the standards to suit their enterprises. TQM ideas have strengthened the Japanese administration and organizations extraordinarily and have helped the Japanese items enter the world markets. The United States perceived Japanese advancement during 1980s and 1990s, and understood the noteworthiness of TQM ideas. From that point forward, the US ventures have grasped TQM and reappeared as worldwide contenders (Daft and Marcic, 33). Deming’s commitment to the elaboration and advancement of TQM has been significant in the wake of progressing Stewhart’s factual investigations through the PDCA cycle (pla n, do, check, act), which gave the base to consistent improvement. These factual strategies created by Stewhart and Deming came to be known as the Statistical Process Control (SPC). The SPC in blend with Elton Mayo’s human relations development in the long run turned into the hypothetical base for TQM (Sallis, 7). From these examinations plainly TQM is a quality idea that must be applied to each part of the business and ought to be estimated and controlled measurably. This implies it would likewise require inclusion from all individuals related with the business. To put it plainly, TQM should be applied to the authoritative frameworks, structure, and culture; it would require responsibility from the board and staff at all levels; it ought to include all partners including the outside providers and merchants. With this idea coming in, quality is viewed as a key issue and can assume a significant job in sparing immense expenses for the organization. It includes everybody relate d with the association. It centers around ceaseless upgrades, keeping up zero imperfections, assemble quality and improve consumer loyalty. Every one of these accomplishments become benchmarks for other people and help the association in supporting their serious situation in the market and with their clients. TQM has been applied by numerous associations with various names, similar to Leadership Through Quality (Xerox); Quality the ICL Way (ICL); Quality Service Program (Nat West); Total Quality Culture (Texas Instruments); Total

College Case Essay

As I close to the finish of my senior year, I think about an amazing occasions that have formed me into the individual I am today. In 2005 my parent’s separated from a little while after their multi year commemoration. Just 10 years of age at that point, I comprehended that I had the duty to set the model as the oldest offspring of two more youthful siblings. In spite of the fact that this was a difficult time for my siblings, being so youthful and befuddled, the three of us conquered it together. For a year it was difficult to get a handle on the idea of our parent’s separate, yet we figured out how to make the best of it from that point on. I lived principally with my mom as a result of the area and accommodation of my school. My siblings lived with my dad around 45 minutes away. In the start of my eighth grade year in 2008, my mom remarried to a man named Chance, who she had just known for two months. Living with her for a long time earlier, I proceeded to through he r new marriage. My bed was currently the front room sofa, and protection was not, at this point an alternative. My first year was incredible. I had astonishing companions and my evaluations were excellent. It was during my sophomore year that things gradually appeared to self-destruct. My evaluations declined, school participation was temperamental, and socially I floated from companions and instructors. Now and again my cohorts would ask why I’d miss so much school or why I couldn’t appear to center during class. â€Å"I’m just tired,† I generally said. â€Å"Don’t stress over me.† the evening of February 12, 2011 I got a call from my mom while remaining the end of the week at my father’s home in south Kona. Her voice precarious, she faltered to approach the inquiry I feared for a long time. â€Å"Did Chance at any point hurt you?† I said no as she rehashed the inquiry once. â€Å"No† I said. She asked once more, aside from this time sh e asked, â€Å"Do you guarantee on your sister?† My sister kicked the bucket of turner disorder in 1999. â€Å"I can’t do that mom,† I stated, foreseeing the results of my admission. What occurred after that call was tragic. My own special mother would not accept what I had advised her. She even had the daringness to tell my family there was no chance her significant other could have done such things and would not separate from him. From that night forward I lived with my dad for all time. A quarter of a year after the exposure I met with a criminologist in Kona, whom would research my case intently. My lesser year was starting and school turned into a conspicuous test. I kept on avoiding contact with my mom and her better half Chance. I got the help of my family, just as my school advocate, who turned out to be very much aware of my circumstance. It was the finish of my lesser year now and my mom despite everything didn't trust me. August 13, 2012 was my preliminary date at the Kealakekua town hall. Amazingly, my mom was in the lounge area. I was exceptionally apprehensive, yet realized that keeping up with reality of my account was the correct activity. My family held up as I entered the town hall. My indicting lawyer put forth a valiant effort to set me up during the current day, knowing the trouble of the procedure. I did what I needed to do, and my folks and nana observed wide looked at as I left the room. They hurried to my lawyer and I anticipating an answer, as she said â€Å"we did it, it’s a genuine bill.† I was overpowered with help, as I looked to my crying mother. She embraced me, and said â€Å"I’m sorry† as we withdrew. I realized that wouldn’t be its finish. There would be increasingly forthcoming court dates to settle the sentence during my senior year. For around 3 years a family unit part was quietly manhandling me, yet I at last found the fearlessness to state something. I discovered quality in keeping up with reality of my account and never letting doubters let me know there will be no equity. From that day forward I guaranteed myself that I would keep on getting myself, never absorbing self centeredness, and accomplishing my objectives. I think back on these occasions with appreciation, realizing that in view of what has befallen me, I will have the option to support youthful, misled young ladies by connecting with great enthusiasm and managing them through their hardships. I am lowered by these encounters and realize that I have a reason in this world to offer help all through the network. I endeavor to live through these qualities, as my point of view on life has carried me to understand the most extreme significance of making the right decision. Sexual, physical, verbal, and every other type of misuse are unsatisfactory and unfeeling; anyway there can be equity in the event that one is eager to battle for it. I am Leila-Marie Wong, evidence that through quality and tirelessness all can be persevered.

Brass Rat 2016

Brass Rat 2016 One of the hardest things to avoid at MIT is a sense of jadedness. After a few semesters of psets, midterms, finals, and projects, that once youthful prefrosh full of joy and excitement can seem a long way away. Ring Premiere, however, is one of those events that brings out the inner prefrosh in all of us. It’s the event where the Brass Rat for each class is revealed, and yesterday night the 2016 Brass Rat was revealed! We don’t hold to tradition and propriety very much at MIT the closest thing we have to an official school song is probably the Engineer’s Drinking Song but the Brass Rat is one of the few exceptions. From the direction you wear it on your hand, to the many references to punting/tooling/hacking, to the class-specific inside jokes, it’s cloaked in tradition. Plus, Iron Man wore it. This year’s Premiere wasn’t without its share of flaws, not dissimilar to the Sochi Olympics, another event suffering ring-related malfunctions and accusations of corruption. There were the usual charges of favoritism leveled at the Ring Committee of the 11 members, 10 are affiliated to a fraternity or sorority, and only 2 are from the east side of campus.  The RingComm chair is at least the 3rd in a row from the same fraternity, selected behind closed doors. The website malfunctioned for several hours while people tried to figure out where to buy a ring. And perhaps most ironically for a RingComm made of 5 mechanical engineering majors, they managed to put these seemingly nonfunctional gears on the shank (a metaphor for the grinding mismatched gears of bureaucracy?) In the end, though, no one will remember these nitpicks. Overdesigned as it is, with sometimes trivial details crammed into every square millimeter, awkward attempts at symbolism (a Newton’s cradle hanging from The Alchemist’s armpits?), and a beaver apparently sporting a black eye flaws and all, the Brass Rat is quintessentially MIT, and I wouldn’t have it any other way. Except for those stupid mismatched gears. ^ the class shank and seal shank, respectively.  I really like the Curiosity skycrane, MIT Police shield, and reference to last years massively epic snowball fight: ^ the hackers map on the underside of the ring.  I like the nod to Bexley Hall, the dorm thats set to be controversially demolished over the next few years Post Tagged #Brass Rat

Defining The Terms Renaissance And Humanism - 854 Words

1. Define the terms Renaissance and humanism. The New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Renaissance† states the Renaissance featured scientific and artistic discoveries and transformations that propelled a cultural shift in Europe after the Middle Ages (2015). The New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Humanism† indicates that Humanism primarily focuses on human being s place, potential, beauty, and so forth (2014). 2. Who were the Medici’s? The Medici family, comprised of former bankers and commerce men, became powerful rulers in Florence, Italy for nearly three centuries, as stated in the History article â€Å"The Medici Family† (2009). The Medici family also served as patrons of many of the greatest artists such as Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, according to the History article â€Å"The Medici Family† (2009). 3. Identify several of the works by each these painters of the Italian Renaissance: Donatello: According to the video â€Å"Italian Renaissance Art†, Donatello’s most famous works include St. Mark, Mary Magdalene, and The Madonna (2007). Paolo Uccello- The Battle of San Romano, The Nativity, and The Flood, according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica article â€Å"Paolo Uccello†, constitute some of Uccello’s most famous works (2016). Verrocchio- According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica article â€Å"Andrea del Verrocchio† Verrocchio s greatest works include Tobias and the Angel, Baptism of Christ, and Madonna and child with Saints, Putto with Dolphin (2016). Da Vinci: According to theShow MoreRelatedDefining The Terms Renaissance And Humanism875 Words   |  4 Pages1. Define the terms Renaissance and humanism. As mentioned in the New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Renaissance†, the Renaissance or â€Å"Rebirth† showcased a cultural shift exhibiting both scientific and artistic transformation and advancement between the Middle Ages and the early stages of the Modern age in Europe (2014). In the New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Humanism†, Humanism’s scope primarily focuses on human beings: human being s place in relations to nature, human potential, human beauty, etcRead MoreThe Renissance was a Cultural Movement of Humanism718 Words   |  3 PagesThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term renaissance came from the French word meaning rebirth. The defining concept of the Renaissance was humanism. Humanism was a distinct movement because it broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious moti vation for creating art or works of literature. The Renaissance humanism was a collectionRead MoreHumanism : Leonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance1459 Words   |  6 PagesHumanism is the belief that man has dignity and worth, therefore, the life on Earth should be cherished rather than just simply endured. This philosophy or intellectual movement initiated the Renaissance. During the middle ages, elements of daily life were strictly structured around the church and religion. However, toward the beginning of the 14th century, the power of the Church began to significantly decline. This was sparked by the Bubonic plague. The plague was viewed as a punishment fromRead MoreHumanism and the Renaissance + Protestant Reformation = Scientific Revolution3038 Words   |  13 PagesHumanism and the Renaissance + Protestant Reformation = Scientific Revolution Kelly McCabe CCM Summer Session III Professor Pilant Term Paper CCM Summer Session III 2012 Early Modern European History Term Paper The later Middle Ages is characterized as a time of great transition and advancement, especially pertaining to areas of politics, economics, art and intellect. A new trend towards the pursuit of new knowledgeRead MoreDa Vinci : A Genius And The Definition Of A Renaissance Man1326 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of a Renaissance man. â€Å"Renaissance man† as â€Å"A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences.† This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were skillful artists and scientists, but Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance man†. His talents without a doubt extended far beyond his artistic works. Like many leaders of the Renaissance humanism, he did notRead MoreEnlightenment, Realism And Literary Periods Before The 1850s1810 Words   |  8 Pagesbefore the 1850’s contain Renaissance Literature, The Enlightenment, Romanticism, Transcendentalism, Victorian Literature, and Realism. These periods show evidence of their impact on America because American literature periods before the 1850’s contain similar traits. They are The Colonial Period, The Revolutionary Period, The Era of National Expansion, The Early Writers/Concord Writers, and Literature in the Cities. The beginning few periods, in particular The Renaissance Literature and Colonial PeriodsRead MoreThe End Of The Medieval Period Essay1947 Words   |  8 Pages There are many factors that led to the end of the medieval period and brought about the emergence of the Renaissance period, otherwise known as, â€Å"the age of rebirth.† Some of these factors would have a devastating impact on Europe, which we can still see to this very day. During the Medieval period, the feudal aristocracy and the Catholic Church emerged as the dominant political forces and were instrumental in imposing social and economic order on the people. Peasants were organized within theRead MoreMachiavelli: The Renaissance’s Anti-Humanist2452 Words   |  10 PagesBy the turn of the sixteenth century, the Italian Renaissance had produced writers such as Dantà ©, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Castiglione, each with ideas rooted in the revival of Greek and Roman Classics, localization of the Christian traditions, idealistic opinions of women and individualism. From these authors spread the growth of the humanistic movement which encompassed the entirety of the It alian rebirth of arts and literature. One among many skeptics, including Lorenzo Valla, who had challengedRead MoreThe Council of Trent: The Thirteenth Session Essay example2467 Words   |  10 PagesThe 16th century was an exciting time of economic and political growth and exploration. The Renaissance, which sparked Humanism, prompted intellectual growth, which stimulated critical questions on topics such as the church fathers, and scripture that gave a completely new approach to looking at the Bible. The birth of the European Reformation (or Protestantism) is often marked by Martin Luther’s posting of The Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517 protesting the Catholic Church’s sale of indulgencesRead MoreWalt Whitman: An Omnisexual Poet2586 Words   |  11 Pagesin the evening. As the practice of homosexual love became more widespread, poetry became more erotic, celebrating beautiful boys. A similar erotic theme was then seen in the homoerotic â€Å"friendships† developed between males during the Italian Renaissance and spreading throughout Europe. Homosexual themes arose in Asian literature, depicting romantic love between samurai men and boys as well as monks and boys (The Homosexual Theme, 2005). Walt Whitman’s poetry is sometimes seen as a continuation

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 829 Words

Jenna Dugas Mrs. Susan Gremillion English III 15 March 2016 The Crucible Arthur Miller’s famous play, The Crucible, takes place in the late 1600’s in Salem, Massachusetts. The intense drama is a fiction story based on the Salem witch trials in the Province of Massachusetts. In this play many characters have to decide if their lives would be better off if they confess to working on the devil’s side and giving away their innocent name or be hanged for something that they committed. It is believed that Abigail Williams is to blame for all of the nonsense of the witch trials, but some believe that she is just a part in something sinister. Abigail Williams is the main antagonist in Arthur Miller s The Crucible. Throughout the play, the young girl tries to get with Elizabeth Proctor’s husband, John Proctor. Also, the mischievous girl tries to kill Elizabeth Proctor in the famous Salem Witch Trials. Abigail Williams is the reason that The Crucible is as action packed as it is. She brings all of the drama to life. The Puri tan community of Salem, Massachusetts is a society that is strongly restricted. They were known by Englishmen for leaving England to avoid religious problems with the country. However, they did leave to ignore the persecution that England was bringing upon them. The Puritans built their own society based on the religious intolerance in the United States. The Puritan culture is mostly made up by the church. The Puritan’s acknowledge theShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at gover nment employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massac husetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1085 Words   |  5 Pagesopposes the will of the majority is a recurring feature of drama.† Identify such a conflict in a non-Shakespearean play you have studied and show how the dramatist deals with the implications for both the character and the society. Arthur Miller in ‘The Crucible,’ deals with the internal/external conflicts of protagonist John Proctor, during the witch trials of Salem; showing the effects of â€Å"an individual opposed to the will of the majority.† Through the mass hysteria caused by Abigail, corruption

What would happen if he ate McDonalds for 30 days straight Free Essays

Morgan Spurlock wanted to see what would happen if he ate McDonalds for 30 days straight. Every meal, breakfast, lunch, and dinner, he was not allowed to eat or drink anything that was NOT from McDonalds. He has to eat everything on the menu at least once. We will write a custom essay sample on What would happen if he ate McDonalds for 30 days straight? or any similar topic only for you Order Now And, on top of all that, if they asked him to supersize it, he had to do it! His journey has begun. Morgan weighed 185 pounds at the beginning of his journey. His girlfriend is a vegan chef, which is someone who does not eat meat, fish, dairy products, or eggs. She completely disagrees with the choice that Morgan has made, and thinks that he is going to kill himself doing it. The fattest nation in the world, you could guess, is America. The fattest state is Mississippi. The fattest city is Houston, Texas. Texas has 4 of the top 10 fattest cities in the Nation. And in Manhattan alone, there are 83 McDonalds. Every day, more than 46 million people are served worldwide! It is predicted that in the future, obesity will be the leading cause of death, behind smoking. People who eat McDonalds once a week are called ‘heavy users’. Nutritionists say that never eating McDonalds in your entire life is the healthiest choice you can make. Morgan gained 25 pounds over 30 days of eating McDonalds. At second weigh in, he had gained 18 pounds, which was 203 pounds. At third weigh in, Morgan had actually lost one pound, putting him 202 pounds. At his fourth and final weigh in, Morgan had gained another 8 pounds, putting him at 210 pounds. Over this 30 day period, Morgan had consumed about 30 pounds of sugar. Eating fast food is very unhealthy. It can also be very addicting. These huge fast foods have all the money in the world to pay for advertising to attract a variety of age groups to come and buy their products. Every company does this, they have to advertise in order to stay in business! How to cite What would happen if he ate McDonalds for 30 days straight?, Papers

What are the major arguments for and against cutting ta an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

What are the major arguments for and against cutting taxes? A tax refers to a monetary charge or levy that is imposed to an individual or legal entity by a government or state in order for it to run the affairs smoothly. Taxes may either be direct or indirect and could be paid in money or labor equivalent. Taxes are enforced contribution in line with legislative authority. Need essay sample on "What are the major arguments for and against cutting taxes?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper in time? Essay writer professionals suggest: Buy An Essay Which Will Lead You To Your Academic Success Essay Writer Helper Get Paid To Write Papers Best Essay Writing Service Essay Writing Service Reviews Tax policies are commonly used by a state to create jobs and to bring about economic growth. Taxes are important part of costs in any firm and any improvement in production depends on the level of taxes and the tax incentives offered. However the tax may have insignificant effect on the profit of the firm in that a firm is faced with more and significant costs other than the tax. Tax becomes insignificant when is compared to location specific costs and other varied location factors like qualified workers, proximity to customers and quality public services because they can be more crucial than taxes. The presence of these crucial location factors depends almost entirely on each state and localitys commitment to public investment and their ability to pay them Robert (2004). Public investment can have major positive effect in that it helps in lowering the costs of production of a firm. For tax cuts and incentives to have positive effects to a business it depends on how the firm will react to the above location factors. Taxes if increased are believed to stimulate economic development and employment growth that is, when the tax is used to expand the quantity and quality of public services. Five major arguments for tax cuts and tax incentives offered at state and local level and believed to bring about economic development and employment growth are; the tax burden, the supply-side effects, the business-climate impacts and the competitiveness implications of taxation. The Tax Burden Argument According to this argument state and local business taxes are big burdens to the firms that pay them. The taxes lower the revenues and greatly increase the costs of operation of the firms. The resulting low profits cannot be reinvested and thus no additional hiring of workers. State and local business tax cuts and incentives encourages firms to save their revenues and to reduce the cost of operating business thus increasing profits. Higher profits brought about by business tax cuts and incentives would encourage firms to reinvest and expand. It will also stimulate investors to relocate to other states that offer business incentives. The result will be massive creation of employment opportunities Robert (2004). However there are three basic flaws in the tax burden argument; The state and local taxes are seen to be relatively small burden on businesses. The taxes dont reduce the profit of the business significantly. The after tax rates of profit dont vary much within industries by state. The taxes are not seen as burden but as way by the state to get financial support to give public services that would have end result of reducing business costs. The Supply-Side Argument According to this argument, tax cuts on businesses and individuals give incentives for work and lead to increased savings and investment thus stimulating economic activities. Tax cuts give individuals moral to work long hours and harder and would enable them to save what they earn. Prospective investors to start new businesses may then use the savings of the individuals. Tax cuts on businesses would give investment incentives by increasing profitability of an investment. Thus funds would be accessible for reinvestment Robert (2004). However this argument cannot be applied at state and local level because of the following weaknesses; Cohorts of supply side economics overstate the merit effects of tax cuts on savings and work effort. The tax cuts may not bring about low interest rates and increased productive investment because the individuals savings from the tax cuts are insignificant. The demand side effects, which are overlooked by the supply side, may bring about reduced economic growth and job creation. The Demand-Side Argument According to this argument, tax cuts for individuals and businesses stimulate economic growth from the aspect of spending. The tax cuts increase the income of individuals and businesses. The partly increased income can be saved while the remaining part can be used to buy goods and services. Higher spending would increase the sales volume and would stimulate firms to produce more. Hence firms with pressure to produce more will be forced to hire more workers. Although tax cuts can lead to economic growth and job creation, it holds true if it will lead to increase in spending. Conversely it will lead to low economic growth and loss of jobs if the tax cuts reduces the levels of spending Robert (2004). The state and local tax cuts cause businesses and individuals to spend more. It will cause government revenue to reduce, limiting the government spending in public projects. Demand side theory should not be applied because it can be used to defend increases in state and local taxes. State and local tax increment will push the state and local government to spend more and decrease the individual and businesses spending The Business-Climate Argument This argues that a state can promote economic development through creating a conducive business climate. Conducive business environment encompasses factors like infrastructure, tax and fiscal measures, indicators of areas reputation, etc. The supporters of this theory argue that lower taxes and incentives improve the business climate and vice versa. It is believed that lower taxes and additional business incentives are important for economic growth and development because they give an impression that the state is supporting business. However the business climate argument has the following weaknesses; The business decision makers are hard to be persuaded by opinions. They make decisions based on the facts of business costs and benefits. Firms that are operating along opinions are less adjusted to the specifics about costs and benefits and are more likely to fail because they will be unable to compete in the tough market. Hence it will be suicidal for the state and local government to give tax breaks in order to encourage businesses development Robert (2004). The presence and scope of business tax incentives may disadvantageously influence the image of a states business climate. It can weaken vital factors that bring about setting of business environment for business setting include efficiency and comprehensiveness of its public services which can be badly damaged by tax incentives. The Competitiveness Argument It is argued that it is important for the state to be involved in the competition. Tax incentives make firms to shift or stay in a given state. Thus states that do not provide tax cuts and incentives will lose businesses to those that offer. This will retard the development of a given sate at the expense of other states that will develop economically, providing employment to locals. Therefore a state will be forced to provide moderate incentives so as to survive in the competitive battle Robert (2004). This theory however has flaws in that tax cuts and incentives are insignificant to the business and that tax cuts and incentives are not efficient use of state and local finance because the money lost by government in the form of tax revenues is more than what the firms gain as additional income. Reference Robert, Lynch. Rethinking Growth Strategies: How State and Local Taxes and Services Affect Economic Development. New York: Economic Policy Institute, 2004.

The Other Side Of The Ledger Essays - Algonquian Peoples

The Other Side Of The Ledger Essays - Algonquian Peoples The Other Side Of The Ledger The other side of the ledger is an Indian view of the Hudsons Bay company. The Hudsons Bay companys 300th anniversary celebration where Queen Elizabeth II among the other guests was present, was no occasion for joy among the people whose lives were tied to the trading stores. During the past 300 years, the history has been written by white men. They have only focused on the generosity of the traders and the benefits brought to the Indians. However, there is a sharp contrasting view from what Indians have to say about their lot in the companys operations. At the time of the history, Hudsons Bay company was expended over 1 million square miles of land which is now known as Canada. The Ruperts Land at that time was occupied by the Indians. They (Indians) believed that the land belonged to all men and hence, the land owned by the individual was unknown. However, they failed to recognize that the white men had felt superiority to impose power over their identities. Hence, they just drifted bit by bit into white mens monopoly and never got out of it. Overall, I think, the film has covered up all the basic arguments of the Indians and has helped to understand the period and the people of that time. It has covered all the basic problems of Indians having with the Hudsons Bay Company. In the following, I have highlighted the main points covered in the film which illustrate the basic problems of Indians and to which I agree. As it is shown in the film, I too think that the introduction of the new weapons (i.e.: guns) was the beginning of the Indians revolution. All the other hunting methods were band. The distribution of weapons in Ruperts land was done by the H.B.C.. Since, company had established treading posts throughout the land and each post was run by the manager, raising up the cost for the weapons was in the hands of the post managers. Hence, they were continuously ripping off the Indians. During the 1869, when decision to sell Ruperts land was made, it was made by the company, not by the Indians. The land was sold to Canada at a very low price. Many treaties were written to compel Indians to give up their rights to their land. However, after the land was sold, Indian people became the responsibility of the govnt and the parliament. When the question of compensation was claimed, the govnt allowed the compensation of $3 a year and was only to those who signed the treaty to give up their right to the land. Such compensation I think, was not to provide financial support to the Indians but was a reminding of who owned the land, money, and most of all, the power. Further, the Indians culture was also being banished. Since Indians were living in the region which was cold and off the land, they were depended on the hunting and fishing. Some of the contemporary historians (loyalists) claim that since Canada was a free country, Indians could have proceeded further in success. Well, they had legal right to go to city just like other Canadian, but in order to do so they had to give up their hundreds years of culture and place. Hence, white mens place (city) seemed frightening, threatening and impersonal to them. Not only this, but since Indians were a minority, according to white men, they must learn to adopt their rules and regulation which were to stay away from the standard life style of the whites. If Indians didnt perform accordingly, they were to suffer the consequences. Thus, Indians stayed where they were. A glance on the economic position of the Indians to see how they were being swindled by the Hudsons Bay Company. Indians were the lower income earning groups in Canada. Their income was lower then $2000 a year. Company store was the only store where Indians could sell their fur. The prices for the fur were set by the company. Company not only set the prices for the fur but, also for the goods for which Indians traded their furs. Hence, they were paying double the price then what was being paid in the outside world. The cheques that Indians received from H.B.C. were only allowed to use in the company store. This lead to the deaths of the Indian people since they didnt have enough money to buy food. Now when

Chemical Definition - Chemistry Glossary

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Developing Leadership Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing Leadership Diversity - Research Paper Example According to an issue paper published by the Military Leadership Diversity Commission (MLDC), â€Å"diversity leadership addresses how leaders at all ranks and organizational levels shape the impact of diversity dynamics in the forces under their command† (2010, p. 2). Due to the expansive applicability of developing leadership diversity in current times, the research paper hereby aims to proffer pertinent issues relative to leadership diversity and would hereby identify and describe emerging ideas and examples of innovative organizations that apply the chosen leadership diversity concepts. Definition of Terms A study conducted by Lim, Cho & Curry (2008) have explicitly provided a definition of diversity leadership as dealing â€Å"with ways in which people and groups relate to one another and how management [leadership] decisions are made in the midst of differences similarities and tensions among groups† (cited in Military Leadership Diversity Commision (MLDC), 2010, p. 1). ... Morrison’s (1992) definition of leadership diversity, to wit: â€Å"the acknowledging that diversity is indeed a leadership issue and is â€Å"the integration of diversity within the leadership ranks† (p.4; cited by Alkandry, n.d., p. 8). Emerging Ideas In the research conducted by Alkandry (n.d.), the author acknowledged that â€Å"managing a diverse workforce would need a different type of leader who is capable of exercising cultural relativism. In this situation leadership diversity becomes an issue of inclusiveness and respect for the cultural uniqueness of every member of the organization† (Alkandry, n.d., p. 5). This is consistent with Shen, et.al.’s (2009) study which disclosed that â€Å"diversity management does not only recognize but also values and harnesses workforce differences, such as individual characteristics, backgrounds, orientations and religious beliefs, so that individual talents are being fully utilized and organizational goals are met† (p. 238). Given these theoretical frameworks, the challenge is to develop leaders who recognize distinct values on respective cultural orientations; yet, are able to harness talents, skills and abilities that facilitate the achievement of organizational goals. Morrison (1993) proposed five steps in developing leadership diversity in organizations, as follows: â€Å"The first step is to discover, and then regularly rediscover, the current problems in your own organization. Step two is to strengthen top management commitment. Step three is to choose practices in a strategic way. Then, step four is to demand results from those efforts. Step five is to then build on progress to keep momentum going† (par. 13). Contemporary organizations have been manifested to practice developing leadership diversity, as proposed by

J Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

J Two - Essay Example I think that factors such as fixed and variable cost also attributed to the decline in the revenue. 1. Use the Percentage Sales Method and a 25% increase in sales to forecast Micro Chips Consolidated Statement of Operations for the period of September 26, 2008 through September 25, 2009. Assume a 15% tax rate and restructuring costs of 5% of the new sales figure. Sales method percentage will be given by the formula 125/100 * amount for every particular in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (Duchac, et, al 2007). For instance in sales 125/100 * 8,334= $10,417.5. Net income for the year 2008 was given to be $1,570.9 and when this figure is compared to the financial year 2009 which is 1,969.9, it shows a 25% increase in sales to forecast and yet we had a 5% restructuring cost on the new sales. Assumptions made here include all costs remained as a fixed percentage of sales. This assumption is unreasonable since in the normal running of a business, the organization can incur more or less cost than stipulated cost as a fixed percentage of sales (Duchac et al,

What Caused the Rise of British Seaside Resorts?

What Caused the Rise of British Seaside Resorts? [1] What were the crucial factors in the rise of British seaside resorts such as Blackpool? Samantha Taylor | Metropolis | 18/07/2017 CONTENTS Introduction 1 1 Late Georgian (1800 1837) 2 1.1 Holidays 2 1.2 Fashion 3 1.3 Town Growth 4 1.4 Entertainment 5 2 Victorian (1837 1901) 7 2.1 Holidays 7 2.2 Town Development 8 2.3 Fashion 9 2.4 Entertainment 10 3 Edwardians (1901 1914) 12 3.1 Fashion 12 3.2 Town Improvement 13 3.3 Holiday 14 3.4 Women Travellers Hoteliers. 16 3.4a The Landlady. 16 3.4b Travel Tips for Women. 16 Conclusion 18 Bibliography 19 The seaside holiday is an old tradition and for many people holds fond memories. Full of sensory delights, from the bright lights of the arcades to the humble fish and chips, the British seaside holiday is so deeply ingrained in the nations identity that the origin seems almost forgotten. From the 1830s until the 1870s the resort developed massively, assisted by the newly developing railway. The 1870s to the 1940s became the high point of the seaside resort era, as it became more commercialised to cater for all classes, in particular, the working class. [2] Visiting the seaside was older than the Georgian period (1747 1837), however, these holidays were an upper-class affair as many of the working class could not afford the travel or take time off work. People may think that the seaside holiday is solely a Victorian idea, however, due to Parliamentary acts and the inventions of both the Victorian and Edwardian age the seaside resort becomes more publicly accessible and quickly became highly commercialised. Acts such as the 1850 Factory Act allowing Saturday afternoons off for mill workers and the 1871 Bank Holidays Act allowing bank staff set days off, spread to other workforces[3] and improved peoples wellbeing whilst it incidentally helped to introduce the travel agents and Wakes Weeks clubs that provided the basis of holidays in the United Kingdom and to the Continent. This assignment will look at the four main factors, holiday, fashion, town, and entertainment that were influenced and in turn influenced the development of the seaside in the late Georgian and Victorian period, along with holiday, fashion, town, and women travellers and female hoteliers that provided the same influence in the Edwardian period (1800 1914). Holidays Taking to the water was not a new concept; the Romans left structural reminders in their baths in places such as Bath. The difference being that the 19th century saw an increase in air pollution from the industrialisation of towns and increasingly poor diet that caused ill health. This made the upper class want a cure all, Scarborough is one of the earliest sea spas opening in 1625, although Brighton became one of the most favoured resorts by the Georgians. [4] In the first decades of the 19th century, doctors, including William Buchan (1803) prescribed sea bathing as a curative, and imposed the rules surrounding this ritual; such as bathing should be done in cooler months, and the wrapping of the body in dry, sea-soaked, towels after swimming, all believed to increase the health benefits of the sea. [5] By 1826 William Scott advised alternative exercising alongside swimming during the warmer months, instead of Buchans recommendations. [6] The sea air was beneficial as well, helping to prolong life. However, the local graveyards of many seaside resorts house the remains of consumptives, as they were likely to be guests to the resort. [7] George IIIs physician, Doctor Richard Jebb (1729-1787)[8], suggested the Exmouth air was as pure as that on the south coast of France. Guides suggested that the proof of how beneficial the air was, was reflected in how healthy the locals were. [9] The Napoleonic wars (1799 1815) restricted Grand Tours on the Continent, meaning many Georgians developed an interest in domestic tourism. Despite the ideas of the seaside holiday as an upper-class affair, many Lancashire working class found time to visit Blackpool in this period. [10] Despite the bathing machine, developed to protect modesty, sexual freedom was explored at the seaside, as telescopes were known to be used by women and men to spy on bathers of the opposite sex. [11] Fashion Fig.1 Sea Side Bathing Dress[12] Besides the health benefits, ladies of standing had the chance to show how fashionable they were with an excuse to wear something novel they tended not wear in London. Mrs Bell of London specialised in unusual bathing dresses; these were worn to prevent tanning, as it was recognised it was the sea air that was beneficial for health, not the sun. [13] Fig.1 is from La Belle Assemblà ©e August 1814; it is hard to tell whether the ladies wore the whole dress in the sea or just the shift. However, it can be implied that the wearer went in with just the shift as La Belle Assemblà ©e magazine of the time states, it is made in a form never before introduced, that it is equally tasteful and becoming; it enables a lady to dress herself in a few minutes without assistance [14] At the turn of the 19th-century women swam at the edge of the sea in long-sleeved flannel shifts; as the century progressed and bathing became pleasurable, the bathing dresses became shorter. Depending on the fashion some years saw the bathing dress without its sleeves, in other years the bathing dress was described as a sack. Sea bathing also posed a challenge for the ladies hairstyles; female Georgian hairstyles were complex and dressed over small cushions. [15] In the early 1800s, most sea-bathing resorts had a book or slate, where guests signed on arrival, to secure their place in the queue for a bathing hut to undress. Men who got bored with waiting often sent their footman ahead to find a secluded bay to bathe. [16] Gentlemen appeared unfazed by holiday fashion, unlike the ladies who competed with other ladies not only with their bathing costumes but also with day and evening wear. By and large, men took their everyday clothing although some eccentric males wore flamboyant formal wear in an evening. [17] Town Growth Although the pier had become synonymous with the Victorian age. It, in fact, was Georgian in origin; acting as an extra promenade for boating trips and becoming a gold mine for the local entrepreneurial fisherman. As shipping advanced from sail to steam it pushed the pier further out. Scarboroughs Old, Vincents, East and West Pier (2nd half of 1200/1732/ 1790-1812/ 1817 respectively) is the earliest collection of piers, a pioneer and epitome of English seaside architecture. [18] Margates pier helped keep and increase the visitors from the ships. In 1808 its new pier had a gallery charging a penny admission to promenade; in 1812 this led to demonstrations and the toll booth workers came close to being thrown into the sea. [19] At the start of the seaside resort, many accommodations had to adapt existing housing and by 1818 this had developed into the form of hotels we now know today. Throughout this century, the two main accommodations provided were the boarding and lodging houses. Sometimes these tended to be hard to differentiate between; however, catering was only available in the boarding house. The better accommodations listed themselves in guidebooks to enable reservations to be made in advance. [20] At the beginning of the century men tended to run the establishments, however, many guests came with no servants and expected food. This resulted in women taking up the role of front of house and housekeeper towards the end of the century. [21] Blackpool had an obscure origin with no port or established heavy industry, the buildings, mere scattered farms and fishermans huts. Blackpool was seen as far too remote to be of any historical significance, so had nothing to play to its advantage. As Blackpool transformed into a town at the turn of the 19th century, it housed the basic amenities that just satisfied the needs of its southern guests whilst at the same time being a luxury to its northern clientele. Compared to Brighton, Blackpool was a latecomer and slow in developing. [22] Entertainment Wealthy Georgians demanded a range of entertainment whilst visiting the resort; good enough entertainment to rival the spa towns. Many guests fell into a routine centred predominantly around the beach, Assembly Rooms and Circle Libraries. [23] Regattas and rowing races along the seaside became an established fixture in the calendar for resort guests. Starcross in South Devon held its first tourist regatta in 1775 and still survives today in Cowes week on the Isle of Wight. [24] Around the 1820s the Assembly Rooms provided places for gambling and socialising. A Master of Ceremonies regulated these activities to help impose a sense of etiquette. Many Assembly Rooms shared a Master of Ceremonies with neighbouring halls. By the 1830s, the Assembly Rooms lost their popularity, as the seaside clientele became a mixture of social classes. [25] The Circular Library was another amenity forming the social heart of the Georgian seaside; often competing against, or working with the Assembly Rooms. However, the library was mainly used to loan books for a 5-shillings subscription. Popularity for the Circular Libraries outlived the Assembly Rooms by 10 years. [26] Unsophisticated entertainment was also provided, such as sack races and chasing a pig with a soaped tail. [27] Hunting and shooting were a great attraction for the Georgian gentleman, the main shooting activity available at the seaside was shooting wildlife from a boat. This, unlike hunting on land, required no permission from the landowner. To provide more variety for a ladies day, cricket matches were also put on as this activity was perfectly respectable for ladies to watch. [28] Holidays Early industrial growth in neighbouring areas provided day-trippers to Blackpool long before the railway companies forged links in the area. The burgeoning of industrialisation throughout Great Britain however, saw the erosion of traditional holidays making them unregulated, this restricted the working class visits. By the 1830s, Wakes Saving Clubs allowed workers to join and save for their annual holiday to the seaside. These clubs flourished in Lancashire; providing a regular holiday for the working class. The Wakes Week varied from town to town from the end of July to the beginning of September. [29] The 1850 Factory Act improved working conditions and permitted the workers time off on a Saturday afternoon. Whilst many took this time to relax, some chose to take a day-trip to the seaside as one of the many avenues of escapism. Towards the end of the 19th century Blackpool established itself as the resort for all classes, however, it focused predominantly on the working class of the north. [30] Excursions1 was not a new concept when Thomas Cook, a printer by trade, had the idea to provide a railway excursion for the temperance movement. In fact, the railway companies had set up their own excursions as early as 1836. [31] Cooks first excursion in 1841 was successful and by managing future short excursions himself; Cook gained more understanding of the areas. With his vision of providing cheaper travel by buying in bulk, his reputation grew. [32] What also helped firmly establish Cooks reputation as the main travel agent was his first long distant excursion to Liverpool, which included Caledonia and Snowdonia in 1844. A self-published handbook, a precursor to the travel brochures; was a clever marketing tool that helped sell the tickets within a matter of days. In later years, Thomas Cook expanded into foreign travel. [33] Town Development Engineers rather than the architects of the day designed the new piers that were built in the Victorian age. Many were oriental in design, an idea left over from the Georgians. This exotic architecture intended to help the working class imagine what the Orient would look like. [34] Improvements in new piling and bracing techniques in this period allowed seaside resorts to quickly build metal framed pleasure piers. Piers by the 1860s were attracting local investors willing to risk money in bold enterprises; Preston and Manchester business owners invested in Blackpools piers. In 1885 Blackpool was the first in England to have an electric tram that still operates today. [35] Financial gain from fairground operators along with the income generated by the pier and bathing machines helped overturn Blackpool corporations desire to keep the working class away. It enhanced the seaside experience for new visitors; these features strengthened the appeal of seaside holidays in Great Britain. [36] The railway was not entirely the driving force behind the change in some seaside resorts. It was more the sheer growth in urban population and a pursuit in improvement policies that led local authorities to begin to control the development of towns by the turn of the 20th century. Some resorts diversified towards facilitating family needs by adapting to railway connections. [37] Environmental amenities, such as scenic beauty and wildlife were at risk due to the expansion of the seaside towns, entertainment and open sewerage. To tackle this in 1852 Weston-Super-Mare introduced a partial treatment plant before changing to a sea outfall in 1866 and in 1898 Exeter introduced a settling tank. Concerns about the seaside environment forced local authorities to make it mandatory for towns to build a form of biological treatment plant by the 1900s. [38] Fashion Around the 1850s people still bathed naked. Many of ladies visited the big seaside hotels or the coasts of France, away from such vulgar behaviour. [39] Unlike the French, whose seaside attire became ever more fashionable, the British seaside fashion remained subdued and changed very little in the first 80 years of the 19th century. The trims and frills remained and were too cumbersome, preventing all but the determined athletic female from swimming. [40] From the 1840s, London shops and womens fashion magazines advertised clothes and accessories for seaside fashion. This could be seen as the age of wearing clothes for one season as the items were made of cheap fabric and were damaged easily in the sea air. [41] Fig.2 (L) caleà §on tended to fall down as the man swam. (R) this costume prevented any mishaps and protect modesty[42] Around the mid-19th century, men tended to swim naked; usually in secluded Cornish beaches that women did not frequent. Swimwear was available in the form of caleà §on(French swimming shorts) although the exact date of this fashion is not clear, fig.2 (L) suggests around 1810/1815, although Avril Lansdell suggests as early as late 18th century France.[43] Many men did not wear these items of clothing as they saw them as effeminate and the drawstring had a tendency to loosen and the costume come off. [44] Swimming became serious as a form of exercise in the 1850s. The earliest male swimming club was in Brighton in 1858 and races here started in 1861. Rules stated that competitors must wear swimwear. Caleà §on were unreliable, in order to comply with these rules one-piece costumes were available from the 1870s as seen in Fig.2 (R). [45] Entertainment The Victorian age was a period that saw the seaside resorts ceasing to be solely health resorts. This was to cater for the middle class and oriented around family entertainment that centred on the beach and pier. [46] Entertainment in 1840s Blackpool focussed on the natural beauty, health, and bathing available at the resort. This was a stark contrast to the entertainment provided at the established resorts, many commentators remarked on Blackpools lack of any historical interest.[47] Due to ever-growing numbers to the seaside; a demand for leisure complexes arose in the 1870s. This lead to the beach centred entertainment of Punch and Judy and donkey rides; the characteristic entertainment we now know and love. [48] During the 1870s Blackpools pleasure beach made the town the leading pleasure resort; with its large range of all-weather entertainment, three pleasure piers that formed a complex of commercial amusement that no other British resort could compete with. [49] Despite the apparent decline of the Circular Library and Assembly Halls, Worthing had four to five Circular Libraries by 1859. Whilst Great Yarmouth and Margates Assembly Rooms still flourished beyond the 1870s. [50] The working class excursion burgeoned later in the Victorian era. The investment was heavily based on the capitalised entertainment companies in the larger resorts. This cumulated in places like the pleasure places of the 1890s and the foreshore fairgrounds that characterised many Victorian and Edwardian resorts. [51] Organised events such as bands performing on purpose built bandstands and minstrel troops from the United States all provided great enjoyment; however, both Jane Welsh Carlton; letter writer, born in 1801 and married essayist and historian Thomas Carlyle in 1826[52]; and Charles Dickens mention their distaste for the noise from the seaside promenades. [53] Fashion Seaside fashion began to change although bathing costumes changed very little in the first half of the 20th century. It was not until the outbreak of World War One that the ideas of general fashion were revolutionised with Coco Chanel as the forerunner of this later change[54] Fig.3 GB Womens Team. 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm. The first time women could compete in swimming. [55] However, what did change for the swimming costumes, seen in fig.3, was the removal or phasing out of the cumbersome woollen bathing dress, for the more revealing and functional swimming costumes, this left a costume for women, much like the mens. Although the woman who was conscious of her figure still had a two-piece option. [56] The corset had been around for some time, with many women bathing in them; however, the Edwardian period introduced an S-shaped corset. This corset made the women look as though their upper body was leaning forward, making the women look like stiff pigeons, and emphasised by their highly embellished blouses. However, by 1912, these corsets were phasing out of fashion, for lighter clothing that was easier to promenade along the seaside. Hats were favoured, over the bonnet, by the Edwardians; as the period progressed the womens hat became larger and became adorned with lace or feathers. [57] Fig.4 Christmas cup, swimmer [58] Mens swimwear also changed by 1914, seen in fig.4, men could now be seen wearing better fitting legless swimming trunks. However, trunks tended to be more boys swimwear. [59] In the Victorian age, men injected a nautical or exotic theme into their seaside fashion. This was carried through to the Edwardian period, although the blazers were far brighter and gaily striped. Beards in this period were seen to be for the older generation whilst the younger tended to be moustached or shaven. [60] Town Improvement Despite the advancement in science by the Edwardian age and the obsession with sewerage disposal, this ideal did not extend to the treatment of it. Brightons medical officer was quoted in 1903 to have said that with the advancement in the purification of sewerage there was no excuse in contaminating the sea water. [61] John Walton contradicts John Hassan (see pg. 10), saying that even though the local government controlled the sewerage, they cut costs that impacted on the environment, health and wellbeing by carrying on disposing of it into the sea, well after 1914. [62] The Victorian, or South Pier at Blackpool having been built in the Victorian period offered a different ambience to that at the Central Pier. By 1911 the areas taste had changed and the Victorian pavilion was built to provide concerts for audiences of up to 900 people. Despite its distance from the other Blackpool piers, Victoria Piers popularity remained consistent. Visitors to the nearby Pleasure Beach Amusement park, which in the Edwardian period was the biggest and most modern amusement park in the country, also extended their visit to Victoria Pier. [63] In 1908 Blackpools Central Pier made a feature of its electric railway. Roller-skating became a craze in 1909 and in 1911, in order to cater for the visitors to the resort, the owners of the Central Pier built a rink. [64] British coastal defences have been evolving since the Roman period and as a result, Britain tended to be the forerunners of sea defence. The most distinctive are the sea walls; these defences arose from the late 19th century and into the early 20th century. Where most local authorities constructed them as multipurpose promenades. [65] Holiday During the 1800s, Britain had strict gender segregation. Whilst visiting the continent, where segregation was non-existent, British families became familiar with these customs and insisted on relaxed rules in order to interact with their own family on British beaches. [66] It wasnt until 1901 however, when Bexhill in East Sussex, introduced mixed bathing that the rules truly became relaxed, and by 1914 a majority of the beaches had mixed bathing, leading to the decline of the bathing machines. [67] The postcard had been introduced in Britain around 1870, but the split back postcard was not accepted by the Post Office until 1902. Many artisans sold prints of their photographs or art in postcard form, becoming the first generation of postcards sent back home. [68] Continental travel rose, to over 660,000 by the 1900s, whilst it is believed that the British seaside resort in that era was barely breaking even.[69] This popularisation of continental travel to a wider variety of social class gained criticism from the likes of John Ruskin and other prominent Victorians who thought the well-educated would benefit far more from continental travel. [70] During the Edwardian period, Blackpool, despite her late start, outdid her rivals with the attractions offered, with nearly four million holidaymakers per year visiting by the outbreak of World War One. [71] Britains seaside resorts had become unique and distinctive, using a verity of techniques to compete for guests. Torquay marketed itself as a holiday town by flaunting Ruskins words, who had called Torquay the Italy of England, this was due to a large number of Italians that had settled in the resort as ice cream vendors. Although places like Newquay, a popular resort today, was a mere village in 1911. [72] The Polytechnic Touring Association (PTA) was a travelling by-product of the Polytechnic, a classroom club for those who wanted to better themselves. Due to the outbreak of war seaside activities and travel either stopped, as seen in the south and east of England where troops embarked for the conflict on the Continent, or slowed to a quieter pace as in the north. [73] Women Travellers Hoteliers. The Landlady. Many landladies depended on an extra income due to the seasonality of their work; this came predominantly from her husbands work if he did not work in the hotel industry. A majority of the landladies were not wil

Health Sociology Essay

The present paper reviews various theories in reference to health sociology. Discussion will centre around a brief definition of theory and sociology while exploring and comparing two of the seven main theoretical perspectives; functionalism and symbolic interactionism. This paper concludes by providing reasoning on the importance of contributing these two theories to the knowledge of health care practitioners. A theory allows us to make sense of the world by providing clarification of why things happen and how things work. Each theory is developed on a collection of different authors views although in the end they tend to share core values of a certain perspective or society (Germov, 2009). Theories are commonly the foundation for all health policies and reflect on the way health care providers deliver care, they allow health practitioners to enhance their knowledge on matters they are unsure of through qualitative research and encourage continuation of skill development in hope of achieving improved quality of care (Albert, Hodges, Kuper & Reeves, 2008). Sociology is simply the study of human social life and encourages health care professionals to view everyday occurrences in different ways. It can be broken down into sociology in nursing, relating to an individual’s health care experience or sociology of nursing, referring more to the issues that affect the profession as a whole (Green & Earle, 2009). Functionalism also known as structural functionalism or consensus theory looks at society from a large-scale prospective and is an approach to sociology based on ideas by three key theorists; Ѐmily Durkheim (1858-1917), Talcott Parsons (1902-79) and Robert Merton’s (1910-2003). This theoretical perspective, which is popular in the USA, explores the required structures that make up a society and how each part contributes to maintaining social stability and equilibrium (Germov, 2009). According to Van Krieken et al. (2013) the main ideas of the functionalist perspective may be summarised from a comparison drawn from biology, with the use of the human body as an example to explain how an organism works. It firstly examines the various relationships between the different parts of the body, such as the lungs, heart, liver and brain, and with this investigation it provides an understanding of how they operate together as a whole organism. By simply investigating these parts of the body in isolation of each other and without each organ working smoothly together the human body is unable to operate, the same is true for a society  and all the structures working together trying to maintain social order (Van Krieken et al., 2013). Along with Van Krieken et al. (2013) comparison with biology, Germov (2009) explains that functionalism centers on the assumption that a society is a system made from a bunch of connected structures, all of which have an integral function with certain needs that interrelate and depend on each other in order for survival of social stability and consensus to be maintained. According to Germov (2009) the functionalist study of health care has mainly been influenced by Parsons (1951) and regarded individual’s health as an essential condition of an unchanging and ordered society. His idea of illness came from behaviour’s and/or activities that interrupt social exceptions about what is normal and saw illness as a disruption to the usual function of society. He implemented the concept of the ‘sick role’ stressing the importance for the sick to seek expert help in order to recover and continue performing their social role (Germov, 2009). Symbolic interactionism was compiled by the teachings of a key theorist George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) in the 20th century. He believed that this theory was established as a reaction against structuralist approaches such as structural functionalism and was the development of individuals and how people construct, interpret and assign meaning to their behaviours in order to decide how they act with others (Germov, 2009). Herbert Blumer (1900-87) continued Meads work and coined the term to describe this theory of society in 1937. Symbolic interactionism encompasses not only sociology but various components of psychology by concentrating on a small-scale view of society and focuses on a small-scale perspective of individual’s interactions and how this impacts a person’s image or identity of themselves (Germov, 2009). According to Kneisl & Trigoboff (2009) symbolic interactionism can be explained by breaking the human process into three central ideas; it looks at how individual’s react depending on the meaning, it gives meaning to things based on our social interactions with people assigning different meanings, and it explains that our meanings given to something are not permanent and can be changed with experiences that occur throughout everyday life. Symbolic interactionism gives special importance that health and illness are perceived subjectively as socially formed features of an individual’s life that can change with time and vary within certain cultures (Germov, 2009). Labelling theory which is described by Germov (2009) as  social institutions and health professions playing a role in defining what is deviant, uncovered the way that medicine could be utilised as an instrument in promoting conformity and help minimise the actions of difficult or abnormal social groups. Symbolic interactionism has an emphasis on illness within a society and how it can be socially mirrored at any point in time by politics, culture and morality, therefor health care professionals may use this theory to gain opinions that are based on social and moral factors rather than just biological factors (Germov, 2009). Functionalism and symbolic interactionism are both theoretical paradigms that are applied in relation to the study of society’s structure. According to the structure-agency continuum in Germov (2009), both of these theories are placed at opposite ends, functionalism favouring the structure side of the debate while symbolic interactionism favouring the agency side. As discussed, the functionalist theory observes on a macro scale how society works together by the interacting and interlocking parts, it is based on a more objective scientific approach by focusing more on the organism working as a whole in order to provide social stability (Langhoff, 2002). Unlike functionalism, symbolic interactionism is based more on an interpretive approach which is observed on a micro scale and focuses more on the individual’s reactions and actions when they attach meaning to the interlocking parts (Langhoff, 2002). In order for us to comprehend, explain and make predictions about the involvement of a society and human relationships we must first gain a strong understanding of sociology and its impacts towards nursing. Cox (as cited in Pinikahana, 2003), explained how sociology may help nurses with their primary role in caring for patients and discussed four ways of how sociology relates to nursing. Pinikahana (2003) explains the reasoning and justification for teaching sociology in order to increase the awareness of the individual’s psychological and social needs, and views sociology as a subject that facilitates the holistic care of the patient. Cooke (as cited in Green & Earle, 2009) explains sociology as an â€Å"emancipatory disc ipline†, meaning health professionals need to remain self-critical and question the expectations of the profession that have been long held. Following the theory of functionalism within health care the ‘sick role’ relies heavily on the medical professional-patient relationship and should be able to rely on others to care for them in order to restoring  their health, they are to comply with the recommended medical treatment and are not to be help personally responsible for their illness due to it being beyond ones control (Germov, 2009). With the use of symbolic interactionism theory in the health care system, it allows the practitioner to gain an understanding of the patient’s physical presentation along with their psychological needs (Germov, 2009). Adapting the use of qualitative research and theory based practices within the medical profession collectively increases the patient’s outcomes both mentally and physically by providing the best possible care using a holistic approach. If health practitioners are unaware of these various theoretical perspectives they may not be able to provide the best practice for the patient, therefore leaving the individual with a reduced ability to regain their health (Germov, 2009). In conclusion the theoretical perspectives of functionalism and symbolic interactionism along with the other five theories; marxism, weberianism, feminism, contemporary modernism and post structuralism/post modernism are all important considerations that need to be taken into account when dealing with people in the medical profession. Functionalism relates more to the sociology of nursing and explores the structures that are involved in making a society and concentrate on the parts that interact together in order to make things work as a whole, the perfect example of this being the human body, without the awareness of this theory, social stability and consensus would not be achieved. Symbolic interactionism relates more towards sociology in nursing and takes into account the structures that meet the needs of society while it also considers individual’s social facts like the way people think and act, gaining an overall picture of the patients social and psychological needs.

African-American History and Women Timeline 1990-1999

More of the  Timeline:  1980 - 1989  /  2000 - 1990 †¢ Sharon Pratt Kelly elected mayor of Washington, DC, the first African-American mayor of a major American city †¢ Roselyn Payne Epps became the first woman president of the American Medical Association †¢ Debbye Turner became third African American Miss America †¢ Sarah Vaughan died (singer) 1991 †¢ Clarence Thomas nominated for a seat on the US Supreme Court; Anita Hill, who had worked for Thomas in the federal government, testified about repeated sexual harassment, bringing the issue of sexual harassment to public attention (Thomas was confirmed as Justice) †¢ Marjorie Vincent became fourth African American Miss America 1992 †¢ (August 3) Jackie Joyner-Kersee became the first woman to win two Olympic heptathlons †¢ (September 12) Mae Jemison, astronaut, became the first African-American woman in space †¢ (November 3) Carol Moseley Braun elected to the US Senate, the first African-American woman to hold that office †¢Ã‚  (November 17)  Ã‚  Audre Lorde  died (poet, essayist, educator) †¢Ã‚  Rita Dove named the US Poet Laureate. 1993 †¢ Rita Dove became the first African American poet laureate †¢Ã‚  Toni Morrison  became the first  African-American  winner of the  Nobel Prize for Literature. †¢ (September 7) Joycelyn Elders became the first African American and first woman US Surgeon General †¢ (April 8) Marian Anderson died (singer) 1994 †¢ Kimberly Aiken became fifth African American Miss America 1995 †¢ (June 12) Supreme Court, in Adarand v. Pena, called for strict scrutiny before establishing any federal affirmative action requirements †¢ Ruth J. Simmons installed as president of Smith College in 1995. becoming the first African-American president of one of the Seven Sisters 1996 1997 †¢ (June 23) Betty Shabazz, widow of Malcolm X, died of burns sustained in a June 1 fire in her home 1998 †¢ DNA evidence was used to test the theory that Thomas Jefferson fathered the children of a woman he enslaved, Sally Hemings -- most concluded that the DNA and other evidence confirmed the theory †¢ (September 21) track and field great Florence Griffith-Joyner died (athlete; first African-American to win four medals in one Olympics; sister-in-law of Jackie Joyner-Kersee) †¢ (September 26) Betty Carter died (jazz singer) 1999 †¢ (November 4) Daisy Bates died (civil rights activist) More of the Timeline:  1980 - 1989 / 2000 -

The Civil Rights Movement Of James Farmer Essay - 1893 Words

Freedom and equality are inherent rights in the United States: therefore, I encourage young people to take on the task by standing up and speaking out on behalf of people denied those rights. We have not yet finished the job of making our country whole† - James Farmer, 19 James Farmer was one of the â€Å"Big Four† of the civil rights movement era of the nineteen hundreds, he called for racial harmony through non-violence. James Farmer helped shape civil rights movements with his use of non-violent protest and activism. This non-violence led to popular support for the civil rights and voting rights acts that would be passed in 1964. James Farmer’s stand for racial harmony and nonviolence, led to freedom rides, sit-ins, and the founding of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). He used many different mediums for his (stand taking) throughout his (career), of which include: Congress of Racial Equality, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), and other labor and civil rights groups. In the early 20th century it was commonplace for African-Americans to be segregated from (Whites) in the United States of America. Separate seats in buses, different waiting rooms in doctors’ offices, separate entrances, and it was even illegal in Missouri for people to make â€Å"arguments or suggestions in favor of social equalities or of interracial between whites and Negroes†. The legal system and groups of terrorists, such as the Ku Klux Klan supported segregation. ForShow MoreRelatedWhy did the Civil Rights movement in the United States become fragmented after 1966?756 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿It is safe to say that the main reason as to why the civil rights movement became fragmented after 1966 was the major ideological splits that had developed within the movement to civil rights for African Americans. Examples include; the rise of black power, the adoption of more radical tactics by certain civil rights groups such as the SNCC and CORE, and the ideological splits among those involved within the civil rights movement. The rise of the concept of the Nation of Islam gave birth to theRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagessupport of the movement for African American civil rights. Many strides were made for racial equality in the United States. However, while changes were made, they did take a considerable amount of time to achieve. 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Between 1955 and 1968Read MoreInformative Speech: The Congress of Racial Equality Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pages The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played an essential role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. Membership in CORE is stated to be open to anyone who believes that all people are created equal and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world. It is officially classified as a philanthropic omnibus human rights organization. Foundation of CORE:  · by a group of students inRead MoreEssay on My Soul Is Rested1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South is one that is well known and familiar to us all. We all know of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the charismatic preacher who was undisputedly the leader of the civil rights movement in the South. We have all also heard of Rosa Parks, the black woman who would not give up her seat in the bus and was thus arrested for it, she was the catalyst that sparked the civil rights movement. They were the famous people often mentioned in the Civil Rights Movement. HoweverRead MoreLeadership Styles And Activism Of African American Women1026 Words   |  5 Pagesto identify important leaders of the civil rights movement, the name that most often comes to one’s mind is Martin Luther King Jr. Others may mention James Forman, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, James Farmer, Andrew Young, or Bayard Rustin. Notably missing are the names of women leaders. Rarely would Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Gloria Richardson, Daisy Bates, or Fannie Lou Hamer be identified. 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The Supreme Court played a major role in the â€Å"establishment, maintenance and, eventually, the end of Jim Crow† (Tafari, n.d.). The Civil Rights Act of 1875 â€Å"made it illegal to segregate schools, places of accommodation, modes of transportation and juries† (Tafari, n.d.). However, this was declared unconstitutional byRead MoreReaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesthis country, thinks about civil rights, they often they about the Civil Rights Movement which took place in this nation during mid 11950s and primarily through the 1960s. They think about the marches, sit-ins, boycotts, and other demonstrations that took place during that period. They also think about influential people during that period such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Medgar Evers, John Lewis, Rosa parks, and other people who made contributions during that movement which ch ange the course ofRead MoreDuring the Civil Rights Movement era there were many prominent figures and parties that challenged1100 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement era; there were many prominent figures and parties that challenged the nation to change societys views on racism. No other group challenged the accepted standards as much as the Freedom Riders. The Freedom Riders impact on political and social views influenced a drastic shift in the behaviors and thought of the Southern states. Many aspects of the Freedom Rides were influenced by the Journey of Reconciliation. The Journey of Reconciliation was comprised of a wide